According to the Central Dogma of molecular biology: DNA $\xrightarrow{Transcription}$ mRNA $\xrightarrow{Translation}$ Protein.

DNA contains Thymine, whereas Uracil is found only in RNA.

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, $q^2 = 1/14000 \approx 0.0000714$. Therefore, $q = \sqrt{0.0000714} \approx 0.00844$. Since $p+q=1$, $p \approx 0.99$. The frequency of heterozygotes is $2pq = 2 \times 0.99 \times 0.00844 \approx 0.0167 \approx 0.017$.

The sudden and inheritable change occurring in the DNA of organisms is called 'mutation'. Mutation was discovered by Hugo de Vries.

The organism created from the embryos of sheep and goat, which is a hybrid breed of sheep and goat, is called GEEP, in which cells of both goat and sheep are present.

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment is based on observations from Dihybrid Cross experiments.

DNA fragments can be visualized under UV light using Ethidium bromide dye as it binds to DNA and fluoresces.

Recombinant DNA is called Chimeric DNA because in this, DNA from two different sources or species is combined to create new DNA.

In a food chain, organisms consume each other. In this process, some harmful chemical substances are transferred from one organism to another through the food chain. This is called biomagnification.

DNA polymorphism means variation in DNA sequence. Since each individual's DNA sequence is unique, it forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting.

Bioremediation (i.e., treatment by living organisms) is a process in which microorganisms like bacteria or their enzymes are used to try to restore a polluted environment to its original state.

Water, proper temperature, and oxygen (air) are essential factors for seed germination. Among these, water is the most critical as it activates enzymes within the seed and helps the embryo to swell and rupture the seed coat.

The theory of Natural Selection was given by Charles Darwin.

A Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) is an organism whose genes have been altered with the help of biotechnology.

The world's first DNA bank is located in America, and Asia's first (second in Asia if viewed globally) DNA bank was established in Lucknow.

Chromosomes are mainly composed of DNA, RNA, and histone proteins.

The technique in which DNA of one species is introduced into the DNA of another species to obtain recombinant DNA is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology. The term genetic engineering was first used by A.C. Palrb.

The benefits of genetically modified (GM) plants include: reducing post-harvest losses, increasing nutritional value (e.g., Golden Rice), and reducing dependency on chemical pesticides (e.g., Bt cotton). Option 4 is incorrect because the goal of GMOs is to increase, not decrease, mineral use efficiency.

The mutual relationship between nucleic acids and proteins is known as the Central Dogma. It was proposed by Crick (1958).

Mice are used the most in genetic research because their genome is quite similar to humans and they are easy to raise in a laboratory.