Upon heating, the glass vessel (flask) expands first, causing the liquid level to fall slightly; subsequently, the liquid expands more, causing the level to rise.

To prepare common salt from sea water, sea water is allowed to collect in lagoons near the sea. The sea water keeps evaporating due to the heat of the sun, leaving the salt in the lagoon.

In the radiation method of heat transfer, no medium is required because it is of electromagnetic nature and this heat transfer is possible in solids, liquids, gases as well as in vacuum.

0°C on the Celsius scale is equal to 32°F on the Fahrenheit scale. Using the formula $F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32$, if $C=0$, then $F=32$.

Most liquids freeze from the bottom up in cold conditions. Since lakes freeze from the surface due to water's anomalous expansion (maximum density at 4°C), if it behaved like 'other liquids', it would freeze from the bottom.

The standard formula for temperature conversion is $F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32$.

Using the formula $F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32$: $F = \frac{9}{5} \times 10 + 32 = 18 + 32 = 50°F$.

The gross calorific value of fat is 9.45 kcal/g, for protein it is 5.65 kcal/g, and for carbohydrates, it is 4.1 kcal/g.

Diagram (d) is correct because the bulb of the thermometer should be completely immersed in the liquid but should not touch the bottom or sides of the container to avoid incorrect readings.

Let the temperature be $x$. Putting $F=C=x$ in the formula $\frac{F-32}{9} = \frac{C}{5}$: $\frac{x-32}{9} = \frac{x}{5} \implies 5x - 160 = 9x \implies -160 = 4x \implies x = -40°$.

The relative density of water is highest at 4°C. The behavior of water between 0°C and 4°C is anomalous; when heated from 0°C to 4°C, its volume decreases and density increases.

Mica has good thermal conductivity due to phonons, but it lacks sufficient free electrons to be a good conductor of electricity, making it an electrical insulator.

Adsorption is always an exothermic process, meaning the value of $\Delta H$ is negative. In this process, the entropy of the gas decreases, so the value of $\Delta S$ is also negative.

Temperature difference in Churu ($95°C - 48°C$) = 47°C and temperature difference in Shimla ($71°C - 24°C$) = 47°C. Since the temperature difference is the same, both cups will reach room temperature at the same time.

Formula: $T_F = T_C \times \frac{9}{5} + 32$. $T_F = 40 \times \frac{9}{5} + 32 = 72 + 32 = 104$.

The international (SI) unit of temperature is Kelvin, $0°C = 273.15 K$. The boiling point of water is 100°C, so on the Kelvin scale, it is $100 + 273 = 373 K$.

At 0°C, ice and water are in thermal equilibrium. Since the temperature of both is same, there will be no exchange of heat, and the ice will not melt.

The temperature at atmospheric pressure at which the solid and liquid phases of a pure substance are in equilibrium is called the 'standard melting point' or 'standard freezing point' of the substance.

In the atmosphere, water is found in gaseous state in the form of water vapor.

Mica is a good conductor of heat (GH) and a good insulator of electricity (meaning it does not conduct electricity). The question options are interpreted based on the provided answer key.