Hacking, worm attacks, and virus attacks all fall under the category of cybercrimes.

A Browser is an application software used for surfing the internet; it is not malware.

SHA-256 and MD5 are both hashing algorithms used to generate a message digest. AES and DES are encryption algorithms.

Spyware secretly collects user information and transmits it to a third party.

Parasitic viruses primarily attach to and infect executable (.exe) files.

Network layer firewalls can be broadly categorized into two: Stateful (which track the state of connections) and Stateless (which do not).

This is called Click fraud, where fake clicks are made to illegally increase ad revenue.

The avalanche effect is a desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, where a small change in input (plaintext or key) results in significant and unpredictable changes in the output (ciphertext).

The main goal of an ethical hacker is to find and resolve security vulnerabilities in a system to prevent attacks.

A packet filtering firewall allows or denies packets based on IP addresses and port numbers, thus controlling access at the host level.

A Trojan horse is a program that appears useful but performs secret and harmful tasks in the background.

The main pillars of cyber security are CIA: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability.

Encryption is the technique used to secure data by making it unreadable.

Viruses can spread through email attachments, downloaded files, images, and audio/video files.

Authentication is the process by which a user's identity is verified, typically through a username and password.

SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer, a protocol used to secure communication over the internet.

A computer virus is a software code that can replicate itself.

Anti-virus software requires updates to stay current with new threats and virus signatures; otherwise, it will not be able to recognize new viruses.

Classical cipher techniques primarily use substitution (replacing letters) and transposition (rearranging letters).

Phishing is a technique where fraudsters deceive users into sharing sensitive information like passwords or card details.