Explanation - 'Direct literal meaning' (Sakshat Sanketik Arth) is a characteristic of Abhidha, not Lakshana. In Lakshana, there is an obstruction in the main meaning, and another meaning is adopted due to convention (Roodhi) or purpose (Prayojan).

Explanation - Mammaṭ used the word 'Shakti' and Vishwanath used the word 'Vyapar' for Shabd-Shakti. This statement is considered incorrect in this context as per the source text.

Explanation - Vyanjana Shakti is not based only on words (Shabdi Vyanjana), but also on meaning (Aarthi Vyanjana), hence this statement is incorrect.

Explanation - 'Divas ka avsan sameep tha' (The day was near its end) is an example of Abhidha Shabd-Shakti, not Lakshana.

Explanation - See the explanation of the above question. This is an example of Vyanjana because here, the use of polysemous words like 'Hari' and 'Dwij' creates suggestion (Vyanjana).

Explanation - The power that provides the literal meaning (Vachyarth) of a word is called Abhidha. It conveys the direct literal (Gun, Jati, Dravya) meaning. Here, the direct meanings of the words (Gold and Datura) are used.

Explanation - Here, in the context of the boatman washing the Lord's feet, Upadan Lakshana is present, where the literal meaning (washing feet) is included in the implied meaning.

Explanation - In Lakshana, it is necessary to have a relationship between the inferred meaning (Lakshyarth) and the literal meaning (Vachyarth). Therefore, option (2) is incorrect.

Explanation - 'Predominant use of direct literal meaning' is a characteristic of Abhidha, not Lakshana.

Explanation - The power or process by which the meaning of a word is understood is called Shabd-Shakti. It is also called 'Vritti' process (by Mammaṭ). It is also known as the primary power. Mammaṭ used the word 'Shakti' and Vishwanath used the word 'Vyapar' for Shabd-Shakti.

Explanation - In Lakshana, it is mandatory to have a relationship between the 'other meaning' (Lakshyarth) and the 'main meaning' (Vachyarth). Therefore, 'having no relationship' is an incorrect statement.

Explanation - This is an example of Shabdi Vyanjana because the semantic चमत्कार (miracle/charm) is based on the words 'Vrishabhanuja' (Radha/sister of ox) and 'Haldhar' (Krishna/ox). If the words are changed, the meaning/suggested sense will be lost.

Explanation - Where the literal meaning (Vachyarth) is included in the implied meaning (Lakshyarth), it is called 'Upadan Lakshana' (also known as Ajahatsvartha).