The smallest oral unit of language is called sound (dhwani).

Ch, Chh, J, Jh are sparsh-sangharshi (affricate) consonants.

'क्ष' is a compound letter (consonant).

Antahstha consonants are Y, R, L, V.

'ट' is an unvoiced (aghosha) sound.

'ए' and 'ऐ' are formed by the combination of Kanth (Throat) and Talu (Palate), hence they are Kanth-Talavya vowels.

'Ma', 'Pa', 'Pha' are Oshthya. 'A' is a Kanthya (guttural) Varna.

Based on pronunciation time (Matra), vowels are primarily divided into three parts: 1. Laghu (Hrasva), 2. Guru (Dirgha), 3. Pluta. A Guru vowel (long vowel) takes two Matras to pronounce.

'Ch' group (च, छ, ज, झ, ञ) are Talavya letters, which are articulated from Talu (Palate).

'प' and 'फ' (1st and 2nd of P-class) are unvoiced (Aghosh).

'श, ष' are sangharshi (fricative) consonants, not sangharsh-heen.

See the explanation of the above question.

When 'r' is with a vowel, it gets a position below the consonant, e.g., K+R=Kr.

The second and fourth letter of each group and sibilant letters are aspirated.

'Ri' is a short vowel/light vowel

Palatal consonants (pronounced from the palate) are 'इ, ई, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, य, श'. The consonant 'घ' is pronounced from the throat (velar). Therefore, 'घ' is not a palatal consonant.

'ब' is a labial (lips-based) letter. Without lips, it is difficult to pronounce.

'T' group (ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण) are Murdhanya consonants.

Aspirate consonants (Mahaprana) are the second and fourth letters of the class. 'ख' (2nd) and 'घ' (4th) are Mahaprana.

Utkshipta means thrown. Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, Da, Dha are Utkshipta consonants. Da and Dha are also called Tadanjaat sounds, and because their place of articulation is the palate (Muridha), they are called Murdhanya sounds.