The first Portuguese and first European traveler, Vasco da Gama, after a 90-day sea voyage, landed on the coast of Calicut (India) in 1498 AD with the help of a Gujarati guide named 'Abdul Manik'. The ruler of Calicut, Zamorin, welcomed Vasco da Gama (May 20, 1498), but the Arabs who were already trading on the coasts of Calicut opposed it.

In 1505 AD, Francisco de Almeida came to India as the first Portuguese Viceroy. After Almeida, Alfonso de Albuquerque became the Viceroy in 1509 AD. The real founder of Portuguese power in India was Albuquerque (1509-15 AD). The Portuguese were the first Europeans to initiate regional rule in India.

The first Carnatic War (1746-48) was merely an extension of the Austrian War of Succession, which began in 1740. War broke out between the two parties (English and French) in 1746 against the orders of their home governments. The immediate cause of the war was the seizure of some French ships by the British army led by English Captain Barnett. As soon as the war ended in Europe, the First Carnatic War ended. With the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), the War of Austrian Succession ended and Madras was restored to the British. During the Second Carnatic War (1749-54 AD), there was a struggle for the post of Nawab of Carnatic; Chanda Sahib obtained Dupleix's support for the Nawabship, while Dupleix supported the Subedari of Deccan for Muzaffar Jang. The British supported Anwaruddin and Nasir Jang. Soon, the French army was forced to surrender and Chanda Sahib was killed. The immediate cause of the Third Carnatic War (1757-63) was the capture of Chandannagar in Bengal by Clive and Watson. During this war, a decisive battle called Vandiwash was fought between the British and the French. In the Battle of Vandiwash fought on January 22, 1760, Eyre Coote led the British army and Lally led the French army. The French were defeated in this battle.

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In 1505 AD, Francisco de Almeida came to India as the first Portuguese Viceroy. After Almeida, Alfonso de Albuquerque became the Viceroy in 1509 AD. The real founder of Portuguese power in India was Albuquerque (1509-15 AD).

Tipu Sultan was killed while fighting against the British during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799). With his death, the glorious chapter of Mysore's independence ended. In joy over the conquest of Mysore, the House of Lords in Ireland conferred the title of 'Maximus' on Wellesley. Wellesley installed a boy named Krishnaraj of the 'Wodeyar' dynasty on the throne of Mysore.

The first Carnatic War (1746-48) was merely an extension of the Austrian War of Succession, which began in 1740. War broke out between the two parties (English and French) in 1746 against the orders of their home governments. The immediate cause of the war was the seizure of some French ships by the British army led by English Captain Barnett. As soon as the war ended in Europe, the First Carnatic War ended. With the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), the War of Austrian Succession ended and Madras was restored to the British. During the Second Carnatic War (1749-54 AD), there was a struggle for the post of Nawab of Carnatic; Chanda Sahib obtained Dupleix's support for the Nawabship, while Dupleix supported the Subedari of Deccan for Muzaffar Jang. The British supported Anwaruddin and Nasir Jang. Soon, the French army was forced to surrender and Chanda Sahib was killed. The immediate cause of the Third Carnatic War (1757-63) was the capture of Chandannagar in Bengal by Clive and Watson. During this war, a decisive battle called Vandiwash was fought between the British and the French. In the Battle of Vandiwash fought on January 22, 1760, Eyre Coote led the British army and Lally led the French army. The French were defeated in this battle.

The English established the East India Company in 1600 AD to trade in India.

The first phase of the First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782 AD) was caused by internal disputes among the Marathas and British ambitions. In the 'Battle of Wadgaon' (1779 AD), Mahadji Scindia defeated the British and forced them to accept the 'Treaty of Wadgaon' (1779 AD).

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The main causes of the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1806 AD) were mutual factionalism among Maratha chiefs, British expansionist policy, and the weakness of the Peshwa. Disregard for the Subsidiary Alliance was not the primary issue at that time.

Lord Wellesley used the Subsidiary Alliance to bring Indian states into the British political sphere. This established the superiority and supremacy of British rule.

A royal decree (Dastak) was issued in 1717 AD by the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar to the British for duty-free trade.

The beginning of British dominance in India started with the Battle of Plassey. In the Battle of Plassey (June 23, 1757), the British, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah. Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated due to the betrayal of his commander-in-chief (Mir Jafar).

Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818 AD) - The third and final phase of this war began with the arrival of Lord Hastings. The final defeat of the Peshwa occurred in the Battle of 'Ashti/Kirkee' in February 1818.

On October 22, 1764, the British defeated the combined armies of the Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daulah, and the Delhi Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in the Battle of Buxar. In this war, the command of the British was in the hands of Major Hector Munro. If we look at the results of the Battle of Buxar, it can be said that while the victory at Plassey was the result of British diplomacy, the victory at Buxar was described by historians as a purely military victory! The Battle of Plassey established British dominance in Bengal, but the Battle of Buxar gave the company the form of an all-India power.

The first British merchant ship of the British East India Company, 'Hector', led by Captain Hawkins, reached the port of Surat in 1608 AD. In 1612, under the control of 'Thomas Edwards', the British established their first permanent trading post.

The first Carnatic War (1746-48) was merely an extension of the Austrian War of Succession, which began in 1740. War broke out between the two parties (English and French) in 1746 against the orders of their home governments. The immediate cause of the war was the seizure of some French ships by the British army led by English Captain Barnett. As soon as the war ended in Europe, the First Carnatic War ended. With the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), the War of Austrian Succession ended and Madras was restored to the British. During the Second Carnatic War (1749-54 AD), there was a struggle for the post of Nawab of Carnatic; Chanda Sahib obtained Dupleix's support for the Nawabship, while Dupleix supported the Subedari of Deccan for Muzaffar Jang. The British supported Anwaruddin and Nasir Jang. Soon, the French army was forced to surrender and Chanda Sahib was killed. The immediate cause of the Third Carnatic War (1757-63) was the capture of Chandannagar in Bengal by Clive and Watson. During this war, a decisive battle called Vandiwash was fought between the British and the French. In the Battle of Vandiwash fought on January 22, 1760, Eyre Coote led the British army and Lally led the French army. The French were defeated in this battle.

Traders from many European nations came to India for trade from time to time in the 16th-17th century. Among these Europeans, the first to arrive were the Portuguese in 1498 AD, followed by the Dutch in 1605 AD, the English in 1608 AD, and the French in 1664 AD. The years of establishment of their companies are as follows: 1. Estado da India (Portuguese Company) - 1498 AD, 2. Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (Dutch East India Company) - 1602 AD, 3. The Governor and Company of Merchants of Trading into the East Indies (English East India Company) - 1600 AD, 4. Danish East India Company - 1616 AD, 5. Compagnie des Indes Orientales - 1664 AD.

The correct matching is as follows: (a) Third Carnatic War - Treaty of Paris; (b) First Anglo-Maratha War - Treaty of Salbai; (c) Second Anglo-Mysore War - Treaty of Mangalore; (d) First Carnatic War - Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.