History of Rajasthan

Rathore Dynasty

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JEN (यांत्रिकी/विद्युत) डिग्रो-26.12.2020

MEDIUM

At which place did Chandrasen of Marwar organize the army to struggle against the Mughals-

Bhadrajun

Lohawat

Kanuja

Kharatal

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is Bhadrajun.
Core Concept: Rao Chandrasen is recognized as the pioneer of resistance against the Mughal Empire in Rajasthan, utilizing guerrilla warfare long before Maharana Pratap.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

The Core Entity: Rao Chandrasen:
- Son of Rao Maldeo and ruler of Marwar from 1562 to 1581.
- Known as the "Forgotten Hero of Marwar" (Marwar ka Bhula-bisra Nayak) and the "Pratap of Marwar" due to his unyielding defiance of Emperor Akbar.
- He was the first Rajput ruler in Rajasthan to adopt guerrilla warfare tactics to combat the superior Mughal army.
Why It is Correct:
- In 1564, the Mughal general Hussain Quli Khan captured the fort of Jodhpur, forcing Chandrasen into exile.
- Chandrasen retreated to Bhadrajun, where he reorganized his military forces and established a base to launch hit-and-run attacks against Mughal garrisons in the northern part of Marwar.
- After the fall of Bhadrajun in 1571, he shifted his struggle to the fort of Siwana.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Attribute	Detail	Significance
Key Titles	Pratap of Marwar / Forgotten Hero	Highlights his role as a symbol of resistance despite being less celebrated in mainstream history.
Strategic Bases	Bhadrajun $\rightarrow$ Siwana $\rightarrow$ Saran Hills	Shows the progression of his struggle as he moved to more rugged terrains to avoid Mughal capture.
Timeline	1562-1581	His resistance began nearly a decade before the famous struggle of Maharana Pratap (Haldighati, 1576).

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Common Pitfall / Exam Trap: Students often confuse the timeline of resistance. Remember that Rao Chandrasen started his struggle against Akbar before Maharana Pratap. He is often called the "Forerunner of Pratap" for this reason.

Mnemonic Trick / Memory Aid: To remember the location, use the phrase: "Chandrasen's base was in Bhadra" $\rightarrow$ Bhadrajun. (Think of the Moon (Chandra) shining over the junction (Jun) of Bhadrajun).

Memorable Trivia: In 1570, Rao Chandrasen attended the famous Nagaur Durbar hosted by Akbar. However, upon seeing other Rajput kings bowing to the Emperor, he became enraged and left the court without permission, further cementing his status as a defiant warrior.

EASY

Maharaja Sardar Singh of Bikaner (1851-1872 AD) founded which of the following towns in the Churu district?

Sardarshahar

Ratangarh

Churu

Rajgarh

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is Sardarshahar.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Foundation: Maharaja Sardar Singh of Bikaner is credited with the establishment of the town of Sardarshahar, which is named after him, located in the present-day Churu district of Rajasthan.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Entity	Related Historical Fact
Sardarshahar	Founded by Maharaja Sardar Singh (Bikaner)
Rasikshiromani Temple	Also constructed by Maharaja Sardar Singh (Bikaner)
Social Reforms	Abolished Sati and Jivit Samadhi in 1854 AD

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Name Similarity: Do not confuse the town 'Sardarshahar' with 'Sardar-Samand' in Marwar. The town of Sardarshahar is distinctly associated with the Bikaner ruler.

EASY

The Mahamandir is widely recognized as the religious and cultural center of which religious group?

Bishnoi Sect

Nath Sect

Jasnathis

Dadu Panth

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is Nath Sect.
Core Concept: The specific cultural identity and sectarian association of the Mahamandir temple.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

The Entity: The Mahamandir is not merely a temple but an institutional center for the Nath Sampradaya.
Broader Context:
- The Bishnoi sect is associated with Guru Jambheshwar.
- The Jasnathi sect is associated with Jasnath Ji.
- The Dadu Panth is associated with Dadu Dayal.
- The Nath sect is associated with the tradition of Guru Gorakhnath, practiced by Maharaja Mansingh.

EASY

Which of the following local aggressor groups were removed from Pali by Rao Siha at the request of Paliwal Brahmins?

Bhils, Meenas, and Mers

Bhils, Rajputs, and Muslims

Mers, Muslims, and Sindhis

Meenas, Turks, and Bhils

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is Bhils, Meenas, and Mers.
Core Concept: Regional stabilization campaigns of the early Rathore state.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

The Campaign:
- The intervention in Pali was a tactical necessity to consolidate the region for the Rathores. The request came from Paliwal Brahmins who were suffering under the raids and control of local tribes and groups.
Target Groups:
- The historical records specifically mention the Bhils, Meenas, and Mers as the groups who were causing disturbances in Pali prior to the intervention by Rao Siha.

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Common Trap: Many students confuse the aggressors at Pali (local tribes) with the invaders at the Lakha Jhawar War (Muslim looters from Sindh).

ARO (Entomology) 30.8.2022

MEDIUM

Which royal person of Jodhpur is credited with the composition of the book 'Gaj Uddhar' based on Bhagwat Katha?

Rao Chandrasen

Maharaja Ajit Singh

Maharaja Bakht Singh

Maharaj Kumar Sher Singh

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is Maharaja Ajit Singh.
Core Concept: This question focuses on the literary contributions of the Marwar (Jodhpur) royalty, specifically the devotional writing of Maharaja Ajit Singh, who combined his role as a warrior-king with spiritual scholarship.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

The Core Entity: Maharaja Ajit Singh:
- He was the ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) and a prominent figure in the struggle against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
- Beyond politics and war, he was a patron of arts and a writer of religious texts.
The Literary Work: 'Gaj Uddhar':
- This book is based on the Bhagwat Katha (specifically the Gajendra Moksha episode from the Bhagwat Purana).
- It describes the salvation of the elephant (Gaj) from the clutches of a crocodile through the grace of Lord Vishnu.
Why It is Correct:
- While other rulers of Jodhpur were patrons of art, Maharaja Ajit Singh is specifically credited with the composition of this devotional work, making him the correct answer.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Attribute	Detail	Significance
Author	Maharaja Ajit Singh	Showcases the scholarly nature of the Rathore rulers.
Book Name	Gaj Uddhar	A key example of devotional (Bhakti) literature in Marwar.
Source Material	Bhagwat Purana	Connects local royal literature to Pan-Indian Vedic traditions.
Dynasty	Rathore	Represents the cultural zenith of the Jodhpur State.

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Common Pitfall / Exam Trap: Students often confuse Maharaja Ajit Singh with other rulers named Gaj Singh (like Gaj Singh I or II) because the book title contains the word "Gaj" (Elephant). Always remember that the author is Ajit Singh, while the subject of the book is the Gaj (Elephant).

Mnemonic Trick / Memory Aid: Use the phrase: "Ajit (Invincible) saved the Gaj (Elephant)":

Ajit = Maharaja Ajit Singh
Saved the Gaj = Gaj Uddhar (Salvation of the Elephant)

Memorable Trivia: Maharaja Ajit Singh's early life is one of the most dramatic stories in Rajasthan's history. He spent years in exile and was protected by the legendary Veer Durgadas Rathore, who fought a guerrilla war against Aurangzeb to ensure Ajit Singh could eventually reclaim the throne of Marwar.

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MEDIUM

Which of the following chronological order of events correctly reflects the conflict and resolution between Rao Sooja and Rao Bika?

Death of Jodha -> Bika's attack on Jodhpur -> Mediation by Jasma Devi -> Treaty signed.

Death of Jodha -> Mediation by Jasma Devi -> Bika's attack on Jodhpur -> Treaty signed.

Bika's attack on Jodhpur -> Death of Jodha -> Treaty signed -> Mediation by Jasma Devi.

Treaty signed -> Death of Jodha -> Bika's attack on Jodhpur -> Mediation.

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: Death of Jodha -> Bika's attack on Jodhpur -> Mediation by Jasma Devi -> Treaty signed.
Core Concept: The chronological sequence of the succession crisis following Rao Jodha's death.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Sequence Details:
1. Death of Jodha: Provided the vacuum that led to the inheritance claim.
2. Sooja's Refusal/Attack: When the promise was not kept, the conflict ensued.
3. Mediation: The necessity of intervention by Jasma Devi occurred after the initial hostility.
4. Treaty: The final act of transferring the items to finalize peace.

HARD

Consider the following statements regarding the role of Jaidev in the history of Marwar:

He was a Brahmin by caste.
He provided the necessary protection for Ajit Singh during his early life.
He was instrumental in introducing the adult Ajit Singh to the public alongside the Maharana.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2, and 3

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: 1 and 2 only.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Clarifying Roles:
- Jaidev's contribution was physical protection and shelter (as a Brahmin caretaker). He did not play the public/political role of 'revealing' the heir to the public; that was the specific role of Maharana Raj Singh Sisodia. Distinguishing between the 'private protector' (Jaidev) and the 'political actor' (Maharana) is crucial for this history.

MEDIUM

Match the following literary works of Maharaja Mansingh and his court scholars with their primary subject matter:

Literary Work	Primary Subject / Genre
A. 'Krishna Vilas'	1. Justice, Literature, and Music
B. 'Nath Charitra'	2. Historical Account
C. 'Chaurasi Padarth Namavali'	3. Shrimad Bhagwat (Poetic)
D. 'Jodhpur Rajya ki Khyat'	4. Nath Sect Teachings

Select the correct code from the options below:

A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Thematic Categorization:
- Krishna Vilas: Specifically focuses on the 10th Skandha of the Bhagwat.
- Nath Charitra: Clearly relates to the Nath Sect, which Maharaja Mansingh heavily supported.
- Chaurasi Padarth Namavali: A specific pedagogical work dealing with justice and art.
- Jodhpur Rajya ki Khyat: A political and historical record of the Jodhpur state.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Concept	Related Detail
Nath Sect Inclination	Mansingh authored 'Jalandhar Nath Ji ro Charitra' alongside 'Nath Charitra'
State Patronage	The state published the 'Krishna Vilas' formally, highlighting its significance
Literary Diversity	Works like 'Gyansagar' and 'Pratap Pachisi' demonstrate his thematic range from devotion to romance

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Exam Trap: Do not confuse the religious works ('Krishna Vilas') with the administrative or didactic works ('Chaurasi Padarth Namavali'). Look for keywords like 'Khyat' (history) versus 'Charitra' (biographical/religious).

MEDIUM

Regarding the 'South Campaign' of Maharaja Jaswant Singh I, which of the following actions was taken to establish peace with Chhatrapati Shivaji?

He personally executed a treaty with Shivaji and sent him to Delhi as a captive.

He mediated a treaty and successfully brought Shivaji's son, Sambhaji, to Prince Muazzam.

He defeated Shivaji in a major battle and forced the surrender of the Konkan forts.

He abandoned the campaign after failing to receive reinforcements from Aurangzeb.

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is He mediated a treaty and successfully brought Shivaji's son, Sambhaji, to Prince Muazzam.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Diplomatic Role:
- Aurangzeb tasked the Maharaja with managing the Maratha challenge.
- Jaswant Singh used diplomatic channels to mediate peace, a move that involved the custody of Sambhaji, Shivaji's son, who was presented to Prince Muazzam.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Key Figure	Role in Campaign
Maharaja Jaswant Singh I	Diplomatic mediator
Chhatrapati Shivaji	Maratha Leader (Treaty party)
Prince Muazzam	Mughal Prince receiving the envoy

MEDIUM

Which of the following actions was NOT taken or occurred during the reign of Maharaja Sardar Singh of Marwar (1895-1911 AD)?

Inauguration of 'Jaswant Female Hospital'.

Creation of the 'Edward Relief Fund'.

Abolition of 'Bach Tax'.

Inscription of 'China 1900' on the Marwar flag.

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The abolition of 'Bach Tax' was a reform carried out by Maharaja Sardar Singh of Bikaner, not Marwar.
Core Concept: Distractor analysis. The 'Bach Tax' reform is specific to Bikaner's social administrative history.

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MEDIUM

Consider the following statements regarding the Nagaur conflict of 1513 AD:

The conflict was initiated by Rao Lunkaran to capture Nagaur.
Mohammad Khan of Nagaur was the aggressor who attacked Bikaner.
The result of the conflict was the successful annexation of Nagaur by Bikaner.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only

2 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2, and 3

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is 2 only.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Aggression: In 1513 AD, the attack was initiated by Mohammad Khan of Nagaur against Bikaner, not the other way around.
Result: Mohammad Khan's attempt was unsuccessful. Bikaner successfully repelled the attack, and no annexation of Nagaur by Bikaner occurred in this specific campaign.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Conflict	Year	Initiator	Outcome
Dadreva	1509	Lunkaran	Bikaner won
Nagaur	1513	Mohammad Khan	Nagaur lost

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Exam Trap: Often, students assume that since Lunkaran was expansionist, he initiated every conflict. Note that the Nagaur campaign of 1513 was defensive for Bikaner.

MEDIUM

Consider the following statements regarding the matrimonial alliance of Maharaja Gaj Singh:

The alliance was formed with the Bikaner royal family.
He married the daughter of Rawal Akhairaj.
The bride's father belonged to the Jaisalmer dynasty.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2, and 3

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: 2 and 3 only.
Core Concept: Political marriages as consolidation tools.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Family Dynamics: Maharaja Gaj Singh (ruler of Bikaner) married the daughter of Rawal Akhairaj of Jaisalmer. Statement 1 is incorrect because the bride's family was from Jaisalmer, not Bikaner (he himself was the ruler of Bikaner).

HARD

Consider the following statements regarding the Boxer Rebellion participation by Marwar State:

The Marwar army was sent to China because of an order from the Bengal Asiatic Society.
The Marwar flag was allowed to be inscribed with 'China 1900' as a mark of recognition for valor.
The state received four cannons seized from China as a gift.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2, and 3

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
Core Concept: The participation in the Boxer Rebellion was a military action sanctioned by the state, not an academic request. The Bengal Asiatic Society request was related to the 'Buddhist Research Committee'.

MEDIUM

Assertion (A): Maharaja Kishan Singh founded the Kishangarh state in 1609 AD.
Reason (R): He established this state after serving as the ruler of Hindon under the patronage of Emperor Akbar.

Which of the following is correct?

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(A) is true but (R) is false.

(A) is false but (R) is true.

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Logic: Kishan Singh's transition from an administrator of Hindon (under Akbar) to a founder of his own state (Kishangarh) in 1609 is a continuous trajectory of his administrative and military career. His experience governing Hindon provided the foundation for his independent state-building.

MEDIUM

Consider the following statements regarding the reign of Rao Ganga (1515-1532 AD) in Marwar:

Rao Ganga ascended the throne of Marwar succeeding Rao Sooja.
In the Battle of Khanwa (1527 AD), Rao Ganga personally led his army to support Rana Sanga.
The Battle of Sevki (1529 AD) was fought and won by Maldev against Daulat Khan of Nagaur.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is 1 and 3 only.
Core Concept: Historical events and succession during the rule of Rao Ganga.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Statement 1 Analysis: Rao Ganga indeed succeeded Rao Sooja to the Marwar throne, serving from 1515 to 1532 AD.
Statement 2 Analysis: While Rao Ganga supported Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa (1527 AD), he did not participate personally. Instead, he sent a force of 4,000 soldiers led by his son, Maldev.
Statement 3 Analysis: Maldev gained early military distinction by defeating Daulat Khan of Nagaur in the Battle of Sevki in 1529 AD.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Event / Entity	Key Details	Historical Context
Rao Ganga	1515–1532 AD	Succeeded Rao Sooja
Battle of Khanwa	1527 AD	Allied with Mewar (Rana Sanga)
Battle of Sevki	1529 AD	Maldev's victory over Nagaur

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Common Pitfall: Students often confuse the leadership of the Marwar contingent at the Battle of Khanwa. Always remember that while the king supported the alliance, the army was led by the crown prince, Maldev.

EASY

The prophecy concerning Maharaja Mansingh's ascension to the throne was made by:

A Vaishnava saint in Jodhpur

The British envoy Charles Metcalfe

Nath sect guru Ayas Devanath

His opponent in the succession war

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is Nath sect guru Ayas Devanath.
Core Concept: The spiritual origin of Mansingh's reign.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Historical Context:
- During his time of crisis in Jalore, Mansingh was predicted to become King by the Nath guru, Ayas Devanath.
- This prophecy cemented the bond between the monarch and the sect.

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Common Pitfall: Do not confuse the person who made the prophecy with the political agents of the British. The prophecy was religious/spiritual (Devanath), while the alliance was political (Metcalfe).

MEDIUM

Consider the following statements regarding the military and administrative career of Durgadas Rathore:

Aurangzeb recognized his strategic importance by granting him a Mansab of 3,000.
He served as the Faujdar of Jaitaran, Merta, Siwana, and Patan (Gujarat).
His military struggle to save Marwar from Mughal rule spanned approximately three decades.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2, and 3

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3.
Core Concept: Durgadas Rathore's military and administrative capacity was highly regarded even by his adversaries, as evidenced by his Mansab of 3,000 and his service as Faujdar in multiple strategic regions.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

The Military Strategy: Durgadas was a master of guerrilla warfare and long-term resistance. His struggle for Marwar's independence lasted for nearly 30 years, characterized by constant movement and tactical patience.
Administrative Roles: The role of Faujdar was a crucial Mughal administrative post. Holding this position in diverse regions like Jaitaran, Merta, Siwana, and Patan demonstrates that despite his conflict with the empire, he maintained a significant administrative profile within the Mughal hierarchy.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Administrative Entity	Strategic Role	Historical Context
Mansab (3000)	Military Rank	Defined the soldier's pay and status in the Mughal hierarchy.
Faujdar	District Administrator	Responsible for law, order, and tax collection in a Faujdari.
Marwar Struggle	Guerrilla Resistance	A 30-year effort to restore the Rathore dynasty against Mughal occupation.

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Common Pitfall: Students often assume Durgadas never served the Mughals due to his rebellion. However, his life was marked by complex shifting alliances, including holding formal Mughal ranks like Mansab.

MEDIUM

Which secret organization, known for its members' calisthenics and boxing practices, led the anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China (1898-1901) that saw the participation of the Marwar army?

Boxer Protocol

Yihetuan

Militia United in Righteousness

China 1900 Society

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The organization was known as the 'Yihetuan'.
Core Concept: The Boxer Rebellion was a nationalist movement. Members were dubbed 'Boxers' by Western observers due to their martial arts training.

EASY

Match the following historical figures involved in conflicts with Rao Lunkaran with their respective regions or positions:

Historical Figure	Region/Affiliation
A. Mansingh Chauhan	1. Nagaur
B. Mohammad Khan	2. Chayalwada
C. Daulat Khan	3. Dadreva
D. Swami Poona	4. Fatehpur

Select the correct code:

A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2

A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2.

🧠 Solution Blueprint

Mansingh Chauhan led the resistance at Dadreva.
Mohammad Khan was the ruler of Nagaur.
Daulat Khan was the ruler of Fatehpur.
Swami Poona was the chief of Chayalwada.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Ruler/Opponent	Region	Significance
Mansingh Chauhan	Dadreva	Fought with 500 companions
Daulat Khan	Fatehpur	Kayamkhani ruler
Swami Poona	Chayalwada	Fled to Bhatner fortress

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Exam Trap: Remember that Kayamkhani rulers like Daulat Khan were prominent in the Shekhawati/Fatehpur region during this era.

MEDIUM

Consider the following statements regarding the diplomatic negotiations for Jodhpur's accession to the Indian Union:

The proposal to join Pakistan was encouraged by both the Nawab of Bhopal and the Maharaja of Dholpur.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel offered to maintain the supply of arms and famine relief specifically to dissuade the Maharaja from joining Pakistan.
The instrument of accession was signed in June 1947, immediately upon Hanwant Singh's appointment as Maharaja.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Only 1 and 2

Only 2 and 3

Only 1 and 3

1, 2 and 3

Explanation

🌟 Quick Verification

Direct Answer: The correct answer is Only 1 and 2.
Core Concept: The merger negotiations involved critical political maneuvering, where the Indian Union countered the lure of Pakistan by offering essential state-building assurances, while the actual Instrument of Accession was signed much later than the initial appointment.

🧠 Concept Blueprint

Negotiation Context:
- The proposal for Jodhpur to merge with Pakistan was not a solitary decision but one supported by regional allies like the Nawab of Bhopal and the Maharaja of Dholpur.
- To prevent Jodhpur from joining Pakistan, Sardar Patel guaranteed specific strategic and administrative support: arms supply, famine relief, and railway extensions.
Timeline Correction:
- Maharaja Hanwant Singh was appointed on June 21, 1947. However, the Instrument of Accession was signed on August 1, 1949 AD, not immediately upon his accession.

📊 Fact Spotlight

Key Negotiation Factor	Details
Sardar Patel's Promises	Arms Supply, Famine Relief, Railway Extension
Jinnah's Promises	Ports, Railways, Arms, Grain Supply
Primary Opposition	Local Public and Jagirdars

💡 Exam Strategy & Trivia

Tip

Common Pitfall: Be careful with dates. The Instrument of Accession was a culmination of long negotiations, not a spontaneous event upon the Maharaja's succession in 1947.

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